A National Birth Defects Prevention Study analysis reported selected cardiac-defect associations with rare periconceptional butalbital exposure, requiring replication; dependence and neonatal barbiturate effects remain clinically important.
- Public-source certainty descriptor
- very low for specific defects; not GRADE
- Formal appraisal
- Not started — full text and independent appraisal pending
- Exposure window
- periconception and late pregnancy
- Comparator
- butalbital exposed versus unexposed
No reliable quantitative estimate.
Rare exposure, multiple comparisons, self-report, combination ingredients, and no established causal pattern.
Sources, citation controls, and verification state
Linked sources
- case-control studyEXT-034 · Not formally appraised
- PMID
- 24001268
- DOI
- Pending DOI verification
- Exact locator
- Pending exact table/figure/page/supplement locator
- Access date
- 2026-07-29
- Integrity check
- Same-day source surveillance recorded; source-by-source correction/retraction verification remains pending
- Internal verification
- Source-linked; independent external verification pending